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THE PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN OUR SOCIETY (A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT ANAMBRA STATE)

THE PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN OUR SOCIETY

(A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT ANAMBRA STATE)

PROPOSAL

          This research work is to analyse the problems of unemployment in our society.  The work is divided into five chapter.   The first chapter is connected with the introductory aspect of the work which includes the statement of the problems.  This tries to state the problems encountered in unemployment briefly.  Also the chapter includes the purpose of the study which is the major motive of writing this project, review of previous studies,  which tries to illustrate most of the methods used and definition of terms.

Besides, chapter two will reviews the literature of the project.  And details of material gathered for this research work.  Chapter three is talking about the major problems of unemployment.  This includes the major problems on individual and the society.  And it also involves the consequence on health of the people concerned.

The fourth chapter is detailing the data collected some of the  incentives which help to boost self employment in our society.   It also reveals that self- employment is one of the major solution to unemployment.   The chapter also deal with job creation, NDE Programmes (National Directorate of Employment) Anambra State.   It also involves reducing the educational demand and supply.

Lastly, the fifth chapter is concern with recommendations which is considered to the necessary.  It also involves the summary and conclusion of the study including the bibliography.

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction 1


1.1     statement of the problem                                                                  2

  • Purpose of the study 3

  • Review of previous studies 4

  • Methodology 8

  • Definition of terms 9


References                                                                               13

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                                     14

  • Causes of unemployment (general causes). 14

  • Absorption chapter of the economy and


employment creation problem.                                                         17

2.3     Growth in population                                                             22

2.4     Barriers to labour mobility economic and non economic.                 26

References.                                                                              28

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Problems of unemployment in our society.                                       30

  • Consequences to the individual 31

  • Consequences to the society 34

  • Consequence to the health 37


CHAPTER FOUR       

4.0     Data collection presentation                                                    40

  • Incentives to boost self-employment 40

  • Job creation nde programmes Anambra state 43

  • Reducing the education demand and supply                                    52


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Recommendation and conclusion                                            54

  • Summary of the study                    54

  • Recommendation 56

  • Conclusion 58


Reference                                                                                 61

Bibliography                                                                           64

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The problems of unemployment in Our Society”.  Unemployment is just a common household word in Our Society.  Many individual today are unemployed not because they are not fit for any job or that they lack the knowledge, the   answer to this problem is unemployment.  Many able-bodied young men and women remains unemployed after wasting a good number of years in school.  A waste in the sense that after what seems like size years in school come out just to find yourself doing nothing to the extent of living without hope.

Unemployment can be said to be two types which is voluntary and involuntary unemployment which of the most of our citizens do tall into.  It is involuntary unemployment because most workers are said  to be involuntarily unemployed if they would be willing to work for the prevailing (or slightly lower) real ways but are unable to find jobs.

In the main chapters we are going to see the main effects of the ugly situation and if possible how to arrest this ugly situation to increase the standard of living in Our Society.  Moreover, we shall see the various effects of this situation in regards  to individual and government parastatals.

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many decades ago Nigerians have been downgraded and deceived their leaders who use promise full employment for every citizens as a strong ladder to their political success.  Some cases to this effect as the 1979 and 1993 elections, again during the donkey years of military administration in Nigeria the percentage of employment have  reduced to some 10% to 8% making Nigeria a society of unemployed youths.

The researcher in this case sees this as warning signal showing that danger is coming and if nothing is done to curtail this,  it will bring much disaster to the nation as a whole.

It is therefore the problem of this study to explore some of the causes, effects and prospects of unemployment in our society in long run,  one will be in the position to known the prospects and other possible means for future employment  opportunities in  our society.

1.2     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is contribute in any meaningful way to the idea of how the growing rate of unemployment among young people in Our Society can be deal with, so that its ugly effects can be reduced at least to minimal.  The problem caused by unemployment in Our Society is not far-fetched.

Every year, many people pass out from different institutions of higher learning in our society.  Only to find they joining the labour market without job.   The more the number of unemployed youths are let loose into the streets,  the more we have arises here and there.  Some of them that are impatient will quickly join armed robbery business to get something as to keep body and soul together which is very harmful to our society.  We can as well of crime rate in our society and Nigeria as whole is conspicuous traceable to a corresponding growth of the unemployment rate in recent years.

It is more painful that after one had gone through all the obstacles of life,  difficulties and self- deprivation of numerous social necessity to acquire the much covered Western education, he is still in no way to get a good job common suitable with his station.  People in this case do not see education as a ray of hope again instead it had turned many into big problem.  This because people do not usually get job.

Also the purpose of the study is to know those problems unemployment can cause to the individual concerned.   The purpose as it was said earlier is to contribute in one way or the other towards the situation of unemployment in our society.

 

1.3     REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

In this aspect, the researcher intends to give the full meaning of unemployment by using a brief review of literature.  By reading articles on unemployment.  Investigator was challenged and therefore decided to know more about unemployment.    The problems of unemployment is also observed in other countries of the world.

There has been few comprehensive written work on this topic, this review covers those topics and articles in our business and daily newspapers,  journals and other relevant materials.   The review will concentrate on the causes consequences and prospects of unemployment.

Writing on our society unemployment, problem in Nigeria, Bajaoho A. (1984) noted that “the root cause of unemployment could be traced back to the absence of any national ideology”.

E.A. Akpan (1984) also pointed out the unemployment in the county had been pronounced because of “graduate refusal to take up appointment in areas other than their states”.

According to Harvey (1977) unemployment exists where persons capable of and willing to work are unable to find suitable paid employment.”  Adabo (1984)  attributed the situation to “lack of contingency planning”.

C Nwachukwu (1984) Observed that the up- surged on youths unemployment could be attributed to lack of an adequate planning machinery”  According to him, another factor is rural urban way differential.  A. Bayolo (1984) “Wondered how we can describe the situation of university graduate who puts his degree aside, get hold of this WASC and start working as a clerical officer, all because his degree could not fetch him a job it has become a viability”.

Nkenjika (1984) see, this somber records (unemployment) as a proof of the complete failure of Nigeria’s perisphosy capitalist system in the sphere of job reaction rate the gummies  of a grim cries” C Udenwa (1984) argued that being without a job could have devastating effects on an individual,  the NYSE, thought about the future make one uneasy, he said “ in the same vein, he added, in  gradual progression, and worse of all the abhorrence of any human contact.

Writing on unemployment in developing countries,  Gesald M. Mels (1984) attributed the problem of unemployment in these countries  to insufficient effective demand for labour”  supporting this view, Tony Killiet (1981)added that,”The task growth of the labour force places a great strain on the ability of the economy to generate new work opportunities on a sufficiency scale to absorb the rising number”  He further explained that this unemployment problems is more significant in the urban areas resulting in the urban population growing taster the total.

According to Todaso (1978) , Many developing countries  today have the problem of massive rural to urban population movements stagnant agricultural productivities and growing urban unemployment and under employment due to what he called

“The growing divergences between inflated attitudes and job expectation among the educated youths and the actual jobs available in the urban and rural areas” .

In this contribution to the various causes of unemployment in developing countries.   Assembled callaway made a specific study of this problem among the  youths who falls into the primary and secondary schools learners  in Nigeria as a developing country.  He took a retrospective view of how these young people easily seemed employment among them new by what he called the tightening job markets”  T leanos R. fapulunda (1979) in her article titled population, labour utilization and man- power development blamed the government for the unemployment problem in the urban areas.  She condemned government polities aim red at encouraging young enterprises to  use capital intensive factors in their production and the formation of labour unions.    She said that these polices limited the rate of growth of employment opportunity in these areas.

T.M Tesutu (1967) in one of his papers  on unemployment problem,  examined the various states.  He noted that the restrictions placed on the employment of people from other states compound the problem of unemployment in the country”  and insufficient demand for labour in the country.   Others blame  the cause of  unemployment on government polices which lead to wage differences between rural and urban workers, encouraging industrialist to use capital intensive instead of labour intensive methods of production,  encouraging workers union and paying more attention to the development of urban areas than rural areas.  All these they argue,   contributed to stimulated  rural/urban migration, some states polices of not employing people from other states weas also seem as another cause of unemployment in the country.

 

1.4     METHODOLOGY

In this study.  Data and information have been collected from the work previously done on this area through the review of books articles journals etc.   Also, some of the data used in this write-up were collected from government documents for example, Anambra state statistics unit.  State education commission Enugu federal ministry of labour employment and productivity Lagos, labour force sample survey December 1984  preliminary report by the House  - hold survey unit, federal office of statistics Lagos, ministry of finance and Economic Planning Enugu and NDE Anambra State.

Data have also been collected from libraries, individuals and groups of persons,  especially graduates and labour officers who have adequate information on the problems of unemployment on our society.

 

1.5     DEFINITION OF TERMS

The term unemployment has been freely used in many quarters without giving consideration to the meaning.  At various points,    it has been regarded by many as situation that depicts a glaring lack of employment opportunities fall in a given country.   This is today that many people view unemployment as people without work.

According to Oxford advanced dictionary, unemployment is defined as the amount of unused labour.  However this definition appears to  be vague in that it fails to show the kind of caused labour.   A better accepted definition is given  by an Encyclopedia American International vol. On according to this renowned reference book unemployment in a literal sense means all persons without work”.   But down to earth definition of specific meaning in contemporary discussion of economic policy is that “unemployment’  according to this same reference book,  means only those persons not at work for more than a specific minimum period of time and who are, more over,   able and willing and also actively seeking work are considered to  be truly unemployed.

According to R.G. Lipsey (1983)  “The employed are those persons working for a wage or salary while the self employed are those who for themselves”.   Moreover, the employed are those persons who are not employed but who, by some measure or another are looking for a job.  The working population  or labour force is the total of the employed,  the self- employed and the unemployed.  :

Those unemployed is given by:-

l       = no unemployed                    x        100%

working population                  1

 

STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT:   This refers to workers who do not have jobs because the industry in which they want to work is having decreasing output or has become obsolete because they are looking for work in a location that has no industry that can use their skill or because they have too  few.

DISCUSSED, UNEMPLOYMENT:    This is a situation in which it is not immediately obvious that unemployed, or it may also be defined as the inability of persons able willing to work which keeps them usefully occupied for the generally accepted number of hours in a day, week, month or year.

EMBARGO ON EMPLOYMENT:    A temporary or permanent stop to offer employment to job seekers.

OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT:   This is defined as the ability to work or persons who are  willing and able to work at prevailing wage or salary  and seriously search for gainful employment.

SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT:   The demand for labour in agriculture is often highly seasonal especially in regions dominated by single crop which yields only one harvest a year.   During will be needed.  But between times.   Only a proportion of available labour will have work, the other become seasonally unemployed.

 

  1. FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: This is a from of short-term unemployment which occur during shrike natural disasters, lay off due to raw materials, shortages or when workers quit to find better jobs.

  2. LABOUR FORCE: This is that part of the potential man- power that actually engages in the production of goods and services.  The labour force consist of those workers who receive payment in money or kind of the self employed in paid family workers and those who that are unemployed but actively seeking employment.


 

REFERENCES

  1. Bayoko A “Graduate unemployment”  Daily times 28th May 1984, P7

  2. Akpan E.A “Graduate unemployment causes identified”  Daily Times                23rd August 1984, P2.

  3. Harvery J. Modern economic An Introduction for Business  and                       professional students 1977. P.354

  4. Adebo . S.O “Graduate unemployment, saw it coming” Vanguard, 19th            October 1984.P1

  5. Nwajika, Curbing unemployment is our policy Nigerian Stateman,                          26th August. 1984 P.8.

  6. Bayoko, A. OP Cit P.7

  7. Udenwa C. “Beating the pangs of unemployment” the Guardian. 16th               Sept. 1984. P.9


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